Allergic Conjunctivitis

Causes and risk factors

The causes of allergic conjunctivitis can vary:

• pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds
• household dust and mites
• animal hair
• mold
• cigarette smoke and polluted air
• cosmetic products
• eye medications
• contact lenses and their solutions

Types of allergic conjunctivitis

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitisThis is the most common form. It occurs seasonally and coincides with the flowering period of plants, most often exacerbating during spring and summer.Perennial allergic conjunctivitisIt is usually due to household dust, mites, or animals. The symptoms are less intense but persist throughout the year because of constant exposure to allergens in the home environment.Vernal keratoconjunctivitisThis is a more severe chronic form, predominantly seen in children and young men. It can affect the cornea and lead to visual impairments.Atopic keratoconjunctivitisThis is a chronic condition in patients with atopic dermatitis. It progresses more severely and carries the risk of complications.Giant papillary conjunctivitisThis type of conjunctivitis is most commonly associated with wearing contact lenses and chronic mechanical irritation of the conjunctiva.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made based on the medical history, seasonality of symptoms, and an ophthalmological examination. A connection with other allergic conditions is important.

Treatment

Treatment includes:

• avoiding the allergen
• cold compresses
• artificial tears
• antihistamine drops
• mast cell stabilizers
• topical corticosteroids for severe forms

Possible complications

In severe and chronic forms, the following may develop:

• corneal damage
• corneal ulcers
• reduced vision
• secondary infections

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common condition with a good prognosis when diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Early recognition of severe forms is important to prevent complications and preserve vision.