Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia (loss of cognitive functions that interfere with daily life).

It is characterized by a gradual and irreversible damage and loss of brain cells, leading to the deterioration of memory, thinking, behavior, and ability to perform daily activities. On a microscopic level, the disease is associated with the accumulation of abnormal protein structures in the brain – amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein), which disrupt communication between neurons.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is not fully known, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. The greatest risk factor is advancing age; the risk increases significantly after the age of 65. Other risk factors include family history, uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and lack of physical and mental activity.

Symptoms and Stages

The symptoms develop slowly and progress over time:

• Early stage: The most common early symptom is difficulty remembering new information and forgetting recent events. There may be mild problems with finding words or organizing thoughts.
• Moderate stage: Forgetfulness becomes more severe, people may forget their personal history, get lost in familiar places, and experience personality changes (irritability, depression, anxiety). They require help with daily tasks.
• Severe stage: Complete dependence on care occurs. People lose their ability to communicate, feed themselves, recognize loved ones, and become bedridden.

Diagnosis and Treatment

The diagnosis is made by evaluating cognitive functions (cognitive tests), detailed medical history, neurological examination, and imaging studies (MRI or CT) to rule out other causes of dementia (e.g., tumors, strokes). Specific tests to detect amyloid plaques can also be used.

Unfortunately, there is no treatment that can stop or reverse Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment is focused on:

• Medication relief: Drugs such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are used, which can temporarily improve or stabilize cognitive functions.
• Supportive care: Therapies for managing behavioral symptoms (aggression, anxiety) and ensuring a safe and structured environment.
• Cognitive stimulation: Maintaining mental activity through exercises and social engagement.

Synonyms: Alzheimer’s type dementia, Senile dementia, Presenile dementia, Neurodegenerative disease