Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal and metabolic disorder that affects women of reproductive age.

It is characterized by hormonal imbalance, which includes elevated levels of male hormones (androgens), irregular or absent ovulation, and the formation of multiple small follicles (cysts) on the ovaries. PCOS is the leading cause of infertility associated with lack of ovulation (anovulation).

Symptoms and Consequences

Symptoms vary among different women but typically include:

• Irregular menstruation: The cycle is too long, too short, or completely absent (amenorrhea) due to a lack of ovulation.
• Hyperandrogenism: Clinical signs of elevated male hormones, such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face, chest, and back), acne, and androgenic alopecia (hair thinning).
• Metabolic issues: Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, which increases the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes and overweight/obesity.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis is based on the Rotterdam Criteria, which require at least two of the following three features: irregular cycles/anovulation, clinical or laboratory evidence of hyperandrogenism, and a polycystic appearance of the ovaries on ultrasound.

Treatment is individualized and aims to manage symptoms and prevent long-term complications:

• Lifestyle: Changes in diet and physical activity are key, as weight loss significantly improves insulin sensitivity and may restore ovulation.
• Medications: Oral contraceptives are used to regulate cycles. To improve insulin resistance (even in women without diabetes), Metforminis prescribed. Ovulation-stimulating medications are used to treat infertility.

Synonyms: Polycystosis, Stein-Leventhal Syndrome