Allergic conjunctivitis is usually observed in patients with other allergic conditions

Author: Dr. Tanya Bozeva

Ophthalmologist at Specialized Eye Clinic ‘PENTAGRAM’Allergic conjunctivitis represents inflammatory diseases of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to various external factors. They are among the most common eye diseases and affect people of all ages. They are often found in patients with other allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and atopic dermatitis.

The disease develops when the immune system overreacts to otherwise harmless substances called allergens. Upon contact with them, mediators like histamine are released, leading to redness, itching, and swelling of the conjunctiva.

Causes and risk factors

The causes of allergic conjunctivitis can be varied:

• pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds
• household dust and mites
• animal dander
• mold
• cigarette smoke and polluted air
• cosmetic products
• eye medications
• contact lenses and their solutions

Types of allergic conjunctivitis

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

This is the most common form. It manifests seasonally and coincides with the blooming period of plants, most often worsening in spring and summer.

Perennial allergic conjunctivitis

It is usually caused by household dust, mites, or animals. Symptoms are less pronounced but persist throughout the year due to constant contact with allergens indoors.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis

This is a more severe chronic form, primarily seen in children and young males. It may affect the cornea and lead to vision disorders.

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis

This is a chronic condition in patients with atopic dermatitis. It progresses more severely and poses a risk of complications.

Giant papillary conjunctivitis

This type of conjunctivitis is most commonly associated with wearing contact lenses and chronic mechanical irritation of the conjunctiva.

Clinical presentation

The main and most characteristic symptom is severe itching. Patients often also complain of:

• redness
• tearing
• burning
• a foreign body sensation
• swelling of the eyelids
• discharge
• photophobia in severe cases

The diagnosis is based on the medical history, the seasonality of the symptoms, and the ophthalmological examination. The connection with other allergic diseases is important.

Treatment includes:

• avoiding the allergen
• cold compresses
• artificial tears
• antihistamine drops
• mast cell stabilizers
• topical corticosteroids in severe cases

Possible complications

In severe and chronic cases, the following may develop:

• corneal damage
• corneal ulcers
• decreased vision
• secondary infections

Conclusion

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common condition with a good prognosis if diagnosed early and treated properly. Early recognition of severe forms is important to prevent complications and preserve vision.

***Dr. Tanya Bozeva is an ophthalmologist at SOBAL and MC ‘Pentagram’ with over 20-years of experience. Her professional interests include the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases, macular degeneration, laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy, vascular retinal diseases, peripheral retinal degenerations, and the diagnosis and laser treatment of glaucoma. She has completed numerous specializations in Bulgaria and abroad, including in Bern (Switzerland), Lisbon (Portugal) and others.

You can schedule an appointment with her online or by phone at 0700 91 191.
Examinations are available with a referral from the NHIF, through a health fund, or for a fee.